Electronic Frontiers Australia Essay Example for Free

Electronic Frontiers Australia Essay This paper is intended to break down the job assessment in media relations crusades. It is an assessment of media battle with explicit spotlight on the crusade done by Electronic Frontiers Australia (EFA), an Australia-put together NGO working with respect to the online freedoms and privileges of all Internet clients. Its crusade is entitled â€Å"Generation Z†, that is adolescents between the ages of thirteen and eighteen years. The campaign’s generally speaking goal is to make an impression of moral obligation among individuals from the objective gathering by teaching a feeling of order. It is additionally intended to illuminate Generation Z about the impediments of unreliable utilization of the web then converse their mindfulness in using Internet content. So as to accomplish the battle objective, it is important to include guardians all the while. Guardians should be engaged with the way toward observing their children’s web use and furthermore by showing them how to utilize the web in the most fitting manner. The crusade targets making proper correspondence channels for this objective populace with the goal that they can satisfactorily create attractive web correspondence strategies. This crusade will be a resistance to government strategy since it will be unique in relation to that of the administration strategy which advocates for web control through outer instead of inner components. Correspondence professionals center a lot around the most ideal approaches to convey correspondence procedures that can achieve more extensive attention to the customers that they serve. Requirement for open connection benefits by the business implies that these open connection firms are continually assessing their methodologies towards correspondence procedures that are recommended for the business. Precious stone (2003) contends that, â€Å"Public relations offer a support for an association by helping it give customers better data of their capacities. † Within associations, advertising can likewise be seen from the point of view of Public Information or Customer Relations (Paul 2008), â€Å"these divisions help customers in noting questions, protests, or issues that may emerge in their relationship with the association. They are normally the most supportive divisions, as they exist to show the association at their best. † The EFA crusade will utilize an extensive technique and methodology to guarantee achievement of the battle. This will be accomplished through advertising and media relations standards. Great media relations will be work through increasing proper understanding of the media by formulating courses through which suitable connections can be assemble. Moreover, the firm has significant data in regards to web separating got to through considerable web client support from general society; subsequently this will be a major preferred position to the battle. Utilization of powerful speculations will likewise offer the truly necessary help and thoughtfulness regarding the battle. By and large, assessment can be viewed as the efficient use of examination techniques, to comprehend the viability and helpfulness of intercessions. Assessment decides the adequacy of a program in wording accomplishing objectives that have been set up and the viability of those objectives. Assessment along these lines is a methods for estimation that is intended to survey the degree of achievement of a correspondence system. Assessment decides the level to which a crusade has arrived at its objectives and furthermore causes associations and people to see how a specific battle functioned, it is consequently a device for deciding accomplishment of mediations towards a specific crusade. Assessment ought to â€Å"specify unequivocally the objectives and objectives,† (Ronald 2000) of a specific crusade since this is the thing that customers will use to quantify the achievement of correspondence systems and battles that are focused to a specific case. When assessing or estimating a specific procedure, there is have to place into thought the yields regarding time to be taken and the spending plan required. Likewise, there is requirement for prioritization of the necessities and what they are benchmarked against. Also, devices of assessment may differ contingent upon the kind of battle and the focused on crowd. There are different techniques for media relations assessments that are as of now utilized in the Public Relations Industry. A portion of these techniques can be applied to the (EFA) battle. One strategy for assessment is the utilization of Advertising Value Equivalence (AVE). Michaelson and Griffin (2005), sets that it is â€Å"the surmised figuring of the expense of estimation of an acquisition of publicizing that has a size and area in a given distribution on a particular day† However, they content that this strategy has trademark traps and has along these lines become undesirable by open connection experts. Another technique for assessment is the basic substance examination which is â€Å"An essential investigation that orders or codes what is written in classifications that can be factually dissected. The codes are created by a nearby relevant audit of an example of articles. The rest of the articles are inspected dependent on the nearness of these codes. This strategy just unmistakably speaks to just what is composed. expectedmessages or explicit things of data that are excluded from the codes or don't show up in the articles are excluded from the analysis† (Michaelson and Griffin 2005). Unmistakable quality examination is likewise another strategy for assessment and was additionally applied to the EFA research in assessing web use. This investigation considers such factors as the distribution an article shows up, the date, by and large size, nearness of photography and other fine art and size of features. Along these lines, in a â€Å"sample conspicuousness examination, every component is given a weight that is figured into a general score for each article† (Stanton 2007). The EFA research essentially attempted to assess the outcomes and effects of the web through the examination of clicking paces of connections and blog. Assessment can likewise be brought out through message investigation, which contrasts from basic and substance examination by putting the examination on the nearness of planned messages in articles. â€Å"Key messages are created dependent on correspondence objectives† (Michaelson and Griffin 2005). The informative targets are â€Å"translated† into codes that become the premise of investigation. Michaelson and Griffin recommend that the best technique in assessment is to decide the accessibility of key boundaries in the association that are to be estimated and assessed these boundaries are â€Å"right data, off base data, deceiving and negating data and data that has been forgotten about. † This data was utilized to give a case of how one organization; MetLife utilized this investigation to deal with its media relations endeavors on two key lines of business. As a component of national instruction intend to advance annuities, MetLife recognized the media as a vital entry of its messages to shoppers. MetLife chose to decide how much right, wrong and just mostly right data is remembered for new anecdotes about annuities. The investigation empowered MetLife to make a relationship between the degree and length secured by the media with regards to annuities and the clients’ comprehension of the over thirty years they will probably live in retirement. Through examination of the sort of data as far as their accuracy or absence of , customers can appreciate the kind of retirement plans they could browse those accessible at MetLife; and made the organization to know about the headings it expected to take undoubtedly. Assessment research regularly has three stages, that is, developmental, process and summative. â€Å"The developmental stage includes all exercises that characterize the degree of the campaign† (Payne 2007). It is in this stage where the scope of the issue is determined, information is gathered with respect to interceding methodologies; and furthermore gives extra light in regards to the individuals being focused by the intercession, budgetary appraisals and the requirements to the full achievement of the strategic set by the issue. Concentrate is on essential exploration through center gatherings and requests which give sentiments and perspectives that can advise battle advancement. The developmental stage fills in as the reason for bearing and furthermore sets out the spending plan to be utilized in the examination crusade. It is hence an underlying procedure that can likewise be utilized to examine and get bits of knowledge into the audience’s qualities, fears and their observations. In the EFA battle, developmental stage was applied in the recognizable proof of the objective gathering that is young people between the ages of thirteen and eighteen. It additionally included understanding the current web use propensities among the young people whereby the official framework has been viewed as being not able to defend the wellbeing of these adolescents (Paul Dylan 2003). The procedure stage in evaluative exploration has to do with monitoring the degree to which the targets are being accomplished. Shapiro (1996) characterizes checking as the â€Å"methodical Compilation and test of data as anticipated advances. † It depends on projections set during the developmental stage. The procedure stage includes assortment of information, time taken to complete the crusade and the trailing arrangement that is utilized. Observing happens for the most part to monitor exercises and right any inadequacies that may emerge (Edward 1945). It by and large includes keeping a journal of occasions. Observing of progress of the EFA crusade will include building media connections through the press or media discharges by making arrangement of expert news or highlight articles. The procedure stage will incorporate dispatch of social workshops with the point of getting to the consideration of journa

Profit Maximisation Model Essay Example

Benefit Maximization Model Essay Benefit Maximization model assists with foreseeing the value yield conduct of a firm under changing economic situations like expense rates, wages and pay rates, reward, the level of accessibility of assets, innovation, styles, tastes and inclinations of customers and so on. It is an extremely straightforward and unambiguous model. It is the absolute most perfect model that can clarify the ordinary conduct of a firm. It is frequently contended that no other elective theory can clarify and foresee the conduct of business firms better than benefit boost hypothesis.This model gives an appropriate understanding in to the working conduct of a firm. There are all around created numerical models to clarify this theory in a deliberate and logical way. Benefit augmentation suggests winning most elevated conceivable measure of benefits during a given timeframe. A firm needs to create biggest measure of benefits by building ideal beneficial limit both in the short run and since a long time ago r un contingent on different inward and outside variables and forces.There ought to be appropriate harmony between short run and since quite a while ago run goals. In the short run a firm can make just slight or minor alterations in the creation procedure just as in business conditions. The plant limit in the short run is fixed and thusly, it can build its creation and deals by concentrated usage of existing plants and hardware, having after some time work for the current staff and so on. In this manner, in the short run, a firm has its own specialized and administrative constraints.But over the long haul, as there is a lot of time at the removal of a firm, it can extend and add to the current limits, develop new plants, utilize extra laborers and so forth to satisfy the rising need in the market. In this way, over the long haul, a firm will have sufficient time and abundant chance to make a wide range of modifications and rearrangements underway procedure and in its promoting systems . It is to be noted with incredible consideration that a firm needs to augment its benefits in the wake of taking in to thought of different factors in to account.They are as per the following: 1. Evaluating and business techniques of opponent firms and its effect on the working of the given firm. 2. Forceful deals advancement strategies embraced by rival firms in the market. 3. Without instigating the laborers to request higher wages and pay rates prompting ascend in activity costs. 4. Without initiating the laborers to request higher wages and pay rates government controls and takeovers. 5. Keeping up the nature of the item and administrations to the clients. 6.Taking different rulers of dangers and vulnerabilities in the changing industry condition. 7. Embracing a steady business arrangement. 8. Keeping away from any kind of conflict between short run and since quite a while ago run benefits in the business arrangement and keeping up appropriate harmony between them. 9. Keeping u p its notoriety, name, distinction and picture in the market. 10. Benefit amplification is essential in both great and blemished markets. In an ideal market, a firm is a value taker and under flawed market it turns into a value searcher.

Living in the Past

Living in the Past Pretty much every day, I remind my friends that if you come up to Boston, Ill find you a place to stay and show you around and well all have a great time. However, still, its one of those things that I never really expect to happen. So, I was sitting at work on Friday afternoon, happily turning turkeys into oil and running HPLC, when who should call but my old high school friend Alaina. Turns out she and three of my other friends from high school marching band decided to come up to the Boston area for the weekend. Well, if Id known they were coming, I would have baked them a cake. Unfortunately, I had turkey carcasses to attend to at that moment, but in two hours I was able to finish up my research and head down to the North End, where I met them at Mikes Pastry. Probably the most famous bakery in Boston, if not the entire world, Mikes Pastry specializes in cannoli, which theyll supposedly ship fresh to anywhere in the world. If youre hosting an event on campus, you can get hundreds of people to come just by buying a bunch of these cannoli and advertising them along with the event. Yesterday, however, we decided to sit down, relax, and enjoy a wider sampling of pastries. From left to right: Brianna (baritone), Kyle (drumline), Alaina (piccolo and/or saxophone), and Chris (mellophone, MIT 09), all recently graduated from my high school. It turns out that they werent actually in Boston to see me; they actually came up to the area to spectate at the Drum Corps International Championships that weekend in Foxboro. Well, I guess theyre a little more dedicated to the concept of competitive marching band than I ever was. No, seriously, theres a definite subculturethink Bring It On, except with band. After Mikes Pastry they all wanted to know what the coolest thing to do in Boston was. Well, obviously, the answer to that is visit MIT, so we took the T down to campus and I gave them the basic tour, complete with the three or four random facts I know about MIT. Due to a zoning ordinance, the Green Building is the tallest building that will ever be built in cambridge. The Landau building is in the shape of a 30-60-90 right triangle. The Stata Center was built to look as if its perpetually falling down. Here, Alaina gets a picture of me getting a picture of these really cool acoustic benches that a lot of people miss. If youre ever visiting MIT, you definitely want to check these outtheyre located just between buildings 56 and 18 and in the shape of two semicircles. Theres a point on the ground where three lines intersect. You want to stand at this point and talk into the benches. You can also try getting a friend, putting your heads against the insides of the benches and whispering to each other. Its a physical and architectural marvel, but if Im being honest, not the most comfortable place to sit on campus. Then they told me that our friend Alex (trumpet), who plays in the Bluecoats drum and bugle corps, was going to stay with them at their hotel that night and, for some reason, they needed some condoms to play a joke on him or something. They were going to buy some at a drug store, but I hear those are quite expensive, and MIT Medical hands them out for free. So, the five of us all went up to the information desk at MIT Medical and asked where we could find the free condoms. Twenty minutes of searching later, we found this fishbowl full of them: My friends took exactly ten back to Alex, because apparently you have to put in a special bulk condom order if you want more. They were, however, disappointed that the condoms didnt have the MIT logo anywhere on them. Actually, guys, that would just be really creepy. And then I took a picture in front of Transparent Horizon, unanimously voted the least attractive sculpture on the MIT campus, so I could always remember the day that my friends came to visit MIT. I was going to photoshop out the truck on the left, but honestly, it doesnt detract from the picture too much. Thanks for visiting, guys! Alright, well, Im headed to Six Flags today and then I have to pack up my entire room and move it across the fire escape to Conner 2 and then I also have some HPLC vials to run tonight sometime so I can get some data that I need to analyze for my UROP at home and I also need to buy a train ticket for 6:15 AM and then catch this train so I can be at home in sunny Harrisburg, PA by 3. Wish me luck!

Sequence Analysis Sunset Blvd. Essay - 922 Words

In Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window the sequence being analyzed begins at 100:31 and it ends at 102:13, putting in consideration the mise-en-scene, cinematography, editing, and sound. A quick overview of the sequence: L.B Jefferies is confined to a wheelchair due to an accident, is looking out the window to his neighbor’s apartment across the courtyard. He suspects that the neighbor has committed murder. Jefferies’s girlfriend Lisa Fremont manages to get in the accused apartment in search of the wife’s wedding ring, to prove that Lars Thorwald indeed murdered his wife. Lisa is cornered in the apartment by Thorwald and tries to persuade him so that she can go on her merry way. Thorwald begins to manhandle her and she screams out for Jeff.†¦show more content†¦As the sequence begins to escalate, shifting from Jeff’s dimly lit apartment to Thorwald’s brightly lit and later pitch dark apartment, it as if each shot after shot, films the aud ience’s reaction to what is going on in the scene. Jeff being the audience his emotions are then felt by the true audience who would feel anxious as well. The sequence shows a mixture of close-up shots, long shots and angled shots. It begins with a close-up of Jeff showing his reaction. It cuts to a long shot of Thorwald’s apartment. The camera is at a level and height as if looking out from Jeff’s apartment. The camera has little movement at the beginning of the scene. In the, Extreme long shots it is unrestricted to Thorwald since he does not know who is ever at the door. When the police arrives and rings the doorbell, only Jeff and Stella knows that they are there. When it becomes known to Thorwald after opening the door, his face is filled with guilt as Jeff looks at him with his telephoto lens. Thorwald is nervous and looks back at Lisa, who manages to compose herself. However, the audience only sees what Jeff sees. The last shot in the sequence at the point 102:02(shot 24), Joe is looking through the telephoto lens while Stella looks through a pair of binoculars. An iris forms again showing Joe’s subjective view. Lisa and Thorwald are talking to the police officers.

Introduction to the Economic Term Supply

In economics, the supply of a particular good or service is simply the quantity of the item that is produced and offered for sale. Economists refer to both individual firm supply, which is the quantity that a single firm produces and offers for sale, and market supply, which is the combined quantity that all firms in the market together produce. Supply Is Based on Profit Maximization One assumption in economics is that companies operate with the single explicit goal of maximizing profits. Therefore, the quantity of a good supplied by a firm is the amount that gives the firm the highest level of profit. The profit that a firm makes from producing a good or service depends on a number of factors, including the price that it can sell its output for, the prices of all of the inputs to production, and the efficiency of turning inputs into outputs. Since supply is the outcome of the profit maximization calculation, its hopefully not surprising that these determinants of profit are also the determinants of the quantity that a firm is willing to supply. Implicit Time Units It doesn’t really make sense to describe supply without mentioning time units. For example, if someone asked â€Å"how many computers does Dell supply?† you would need more information in order to answer the question. Is the question about computers supplied today? This week? This year? All of these time units are going to result in different quantities supplied, so it’s important to specify which one you are talking about. Unfortunately, economists are often somewhat lax about mentioning the time units explicitly, but you should remember that they are always there.

Mae West and Amelia Earhart Roaring 20’s Free Essays

The Roaring 20’s Mae West Mae West stood as an idol to many female and male persons during the 1910-1960’s. West once said, â€Å"Love isn’t an emotion or an instinct–it’s an art. † This quote shines a perfect light on her profession and practically summarizes her beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Mae West and Amelia Earhart Roaring 20’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mae West started out in New York as a vaudeville performer and eventually moved her talents to the big screen in Hollywood. The Roaring 20’s couldn’t have been a better time for West to express herself as she was not bound or expected to be any specific female image. She wrote several plays, staring herself, containing mostly sexual themes. Most of her works required quite a bit of censoring in order to be acceptable to the public. West, taking pride in her dancing and teasing, became wildly popular and respected as an individual woman. Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart took a plane ride in 1920 that would determine her path and change her life, forever. Ten minutes in a plane and after landing Earhart knew she had to learn to fly. Taking jobs as they came, Amelia gained enough money to buy her way through flight school. After just two years, Earhart set records for female pilots, flying at altitude of 14,000 feet. Modeling a short haircut and a leather bomber jacket, Earhart bought a bright yellow biplane naming it, â€Å"the canary. † In 1928, she was the first woman on a transatlantic flight. Amelia’s love for adventure and desire to stand out as an individual drove her to the first female solo flight across the Atlantic. Still determined, she planned to go all around the world above the equator. In 1937, because of difficulties on the plane, Amelia Earhart disappeared, lost forever to the thing she loved most, flying. How to cite Mae West and Amelia Earhart Roaring 20’s, Papers

Elites Against Democracy Leadership Ideals †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Elites Against Democracy for Leadership Ideals. Answer: Introduction: Woolworths is considered as one of the most prestigious supermarket chains occupying a predominant place in the realm of retail industry. After starting their journey from the market of Australia the organization has expanded their entire business in multinational countries. The business experts have spread their business wings in the market of New Zealand (woolworths.com, 2018). However, this very specific study has selected marketing team of Woolworths as a group. In order to run the entire process of business, marketing department plays one of the most significant roles in introducing the brand towards global market. Therefore, maintaining a good team rapport among the members is highly significant based on which the organization would be able to meet objectives. This very specific study has focused to make in-depth overview on how marketing team of Woolworths tends to provide effective good performances towards the services. In order to draw the attention of customers from various cultural as well as psychological backgrounds the marketing executives have to play significant role. This very specific study has focused to give in-depth overview on how team members of marketing department by maintaining organizational behavior and ethics can share necessary views and information. However, in this very specific study, I have played the role of a team leader in the marketing department of Woolworths. As a team lead I would be able to give a proper guidance on how to maintain an effective team rapport for providing good services to the customers. In order to reach the organizational I as a team leader should have the capability of team management, decision, maintaining team coordination and so on. The team that is selected amidst Woolworths is marketing and sales department. As per the opinion of Binder (2016) the role of marketing department is to promote the products and services so that it can create an awareness among the international customers. Maintaining quality of products and services is not the only objective of a business organization. People belonging to different geographical backgrounds and attitudes tend to show their interest in purchasing a product only when the concerned product creates an image on the market. Therefore, marketing executives have to face play a major role in creating product image and product identity. The primary responsibilities that marketing department has to follow include collecting customers feedback, identifying target customers, making in-depth research on the needs and demands of the customers, maintaining promotional activities and so on. Before designing a particular product the product managers have to get detailed overview about the needs and demands of the customers in current market trend. However, marketing executives have to play major responsibility in collecting customers feedback either directly or indirectly (Majchrzak et al., 2014). Based on their needs and demands, the product packaging and designing methods are decided. With the help of an effective STP analysis the marketing executives have to select their target customers. With the help of marketing manager the executives tend to make an effective promotional budget based on which the products are introduced. Woolworths after expanding their entire process of business in different countries tend to select both digital media platform as well as traditional media platform. Team development model: The marketing team of Woolworths is formed at the very beginning of their journey in order to place their products and services in the international market. While developing the team, business experts have decided to use team development model. Morgan, Pullon and McKinlay (2015) stated that team development model is primarily constituted with four major factors including forming, storming, norming and performing. Before forming this specific team the business managers had to take a participative decision. The managers after taking a collective decision have decided that the organization needs to launch a new team named marketing department in order to introduce the products and services in the international market. In addition, organizational managers had to face difficulties in collecting customers feedback. In this kind of situation, the business experts did not get the scope to form new strategies and policies for business development (Schwalbe, 2015). However, in this situation, the business authority has decided to form a new department of marketing for handling these specific sectors. Storming is the phase where the team intends to set their goals and objectives. In this very specific stage the team has to focus on meeting customers needs and demands. The target of every team member of a specific department is same. In this very specific stage team leader has to give a clear description about team objectives (Laudon Laudon, 2016). Norming is the phase where team members have to show their commitment in reaching organizational goal. This very specific stage enables every individual employee in performing well towards the services. Performing is the last phase of team development model where the employees have to give their best endeavor towards services. In this specific phase every team members are well aware about the aims and objectives (Peng, Babar Ebert, 2014). Based on that specific aims and objectives the employees have to provide effect services in meeting business target. After forming a specific marketing team the business experts have focused to create awareness about the brands and their services. By establishing a proper hierarchy on marketing department Woolworths is able to get customers feedback before making an effective marketing strategy and policy. Team leadership: Leadership within a group leaves a major significance in enhancing the entire performance level of a specific team. In order to render team success the team members have to maintain a proper discipline and culture at the workplace. On the other hand, every single performer would be able to meet team productivity only when the members would be directed by a team leader (Oakland, 2014). Leaders play an important role in leading and controlling the performance level of an entire team. People from various geographical backgrounds and attitudes are associated within a team. Therefore, the role of team leaders is to give motivation among the team members and to provide them necessary feedback. Leaders tend to give both positive and negative feedback to the team members (Gilbert et al., 2015). Based on that particular feedback the employees have to improve their level of performances. While leading a very specific team leaders can use different forms of leadership style which include participative form of leadership style, autocratic form of leadership style and transformational leadership style. Participative form of leadership style enables the leaders in maintaining an effective collaboration among the team members. In this specific form of leadership style employees do not have to face challenges in sharing their views and thoughts regarding the business goal (Hoch Kozlowski, 2014). Employees have every right to share their own opinion on the marketing and promotional strategies with leaders. On the other hand, autocratic form of leadership enables the leaders to impose their own decision on the employees. With the help of this very specific leadership style employees do not have right to share their own opinion regarding the process of business. As a result, both the employees and the managers do not get scope to share their own opinion together. However, transformational form of leadership style is entirely dependent on the business situation. In order to overcome any kind of crisis the leaders tend to take immediate strategic decision to make their entire situation within control (Yan Dooley, 2014). On the other hand, in order to make the entire business process democratic the leaders tend to involve every employee within decision making process. Therefore, leadership style is transferred as per needs and demands of the situation. Woolworths marketing department follows participative form of leadership style for motivating the employees towards services. In addition, with the help of making participative leadership, both the employees and leaders get equal scope and opportunities in sharing views and thoughts. Influence of external leaders: External leaders have major significance in enhancing the entire performance level of the employees. External leaders indicate senior managers or any member from board of director. It is often observed that team leaders alone is facing challenges in maintaining an effective rapport with the team members due to the lack of effective resources or lack of efficiency. In this kind of situation, the senior managers can give an effective support to the team leaders in enhancing the performance level towards the services (Landis et al., 2014). The role of an efficient leader is to motivate the team members towards reaching the proper goal. If the team members are from different geographical backgrounds the leaders have to face immense hardships maintaining effective communication. Therefore, an external leader with the help of experience and skill tends to control the performance level of the employees. As per the instruction of senior manager the leaders may have to take effective training and development session based on which leaders can enhance their professional skill and competency level. Senior managers tend to maintain a personality at the workplace that leaves a major positive impact on the productivity of employees (Brown, 2014). In addition, any kind of positive feedback from the senior managers influences and motivates employees for performing well towards the services. Among several leadership theories the marketing department of Woolworths tends to follow two primary theories including trait leadership theory and behavioral theory. Trait leadership theory implies that leaders should be constituted with several traits in order to lead a specific team. The quality of a leader implies effective communication skill, managerial skill, time management skill, decision making skill, sense of intelligence and so on. In order to become an efficient leader an individual should have proper management skill of coordinating the entire team towards the services (Van Wart, 2014). By maintaining an effective communication with the employees team leader has to make effective rapport with every single team member. People from different geographical backgrounds and attitudes should be treated with equal respect and dignity. Leaders should have the trait of being unbiased towards the services. In addition, while making effective marketing strategies the team members m ay have to face innumerable barriers while promoting the products. The business leader should have the efficiency to make effective decision at the proper time. In order to handle sudden crisis leaders should have the trait of management skill as well as technological skill (Puni, Ofei Okoe, 2014). Technological skill and competency takes a major priority based on which the skill and competency level of an employee highly dependent. On the other hand, behavioral theory implies that every leader should have a proper mental, physical or social characteristic. The mentality of an efficient leader should be unbiased. Every single team member should get equal respect and dignity. In addition, leaders should have cooperative outlook with the help of which team members can easily share their workplace problem without any hesitation. Woolworths tends to apply these two theories within their marketing team (Scott Davis, 2015).. As a result, team members would not have to face immense challenges in receiving effective cooperation from the experts. Effectiveness of the team: The marketing group of Woolworths is constituted with several members under a team leader and assistant team leader. In order to control the entire team management the team leader has to take the assistant of a manager who constantly guide towards reaching the business goals and services. The role of team leader in the marketing department is to motivate executives in making effective promotional activities. Woolworths marketing department follows a proper systematic hierarchy (Baesu Bejinaru, 2014). Under a senior marketing manager the assistant manager plays a major role. Under an assistant manager the team leaders are there in separate teams. Team leaders responsibility is to control the performance level of the employees. Team members try to maintain a proper cohesion among the group so that customers do not get deprived of receiving effective services. In addition, in order to run a marketing department effectively the members have to maintain a team rapport which leaves a positive impact in maintaining brand image and reputation. However, it has been observed that team members of Woolworths are from different geographical and cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the team members have to face immense challenges in maintaining coordination due to language barrier, psychological barrier and cultural barrier (Okoroji, Anyanwu Ukpere, 2014). As a result, leaders have to face challenges in maintaining an effective coordination. However, based on the issue identified within the marketing department of Woolworths the team leaders have recommended some of the members for receiving an effective training session on communication skill as well as communication skill. As already mentioned, team members of marketing department of Woolworths are from diverse cultural backgrounds and attitudes. Therefore, communication barrier among the team members have become a major issue for rendering organizational success. The team leaders of Woolworths based on the communication style and approach have identified several members (Miner, 2015). Those members are decided to refer to the human resource managers for attending an effective training and career development plan on communication skill. Decision making process: Based on the decision making process success of a business organization is highly dependent. Woolworths likes to take an effective collaborative decision by involving the employees towards services. Team leader of marketing department does not like to take autocratic decision without making any communication with the employees (Struve, 2015). A proper decision should be taken by involving every team member associated with marketing department. T7 model of team effectiveness implies that team leader while supporting the team tends to follow several phases that include task (execute successfully), thrust ( push towards proper direction of business objectives), trust (on each other), talent (show skills) and teaming (operate by taking every single talent). This particular model helps the team leader in directing the team members towards proper goal. Team effectiveness is highly important in rendering the success of business (Ahmad et al., 2014). Both the organizational manager and the employees can give their best services by following this model. Conclusion The study has provided detailed overview about the impact of effective team performance in rendering the overall success of business. The study has focused to select Woolworths as the business firm. The marketing department of Woolworths in quest of providing effective services should follow specific strategies and policies. My role is to become an effective team leader who has to provide immense support and cooperation in rendering the success of business. In this very specific study, various leadership theories are critically evaluated. The marketing leader of this organization primarily follows trait leadership theory and behavioral theory at the workplace based on which leader can direct the employees towards a proper goal. While evaluating various aspects of maintaining an effective team the study could have focused to discuss on some of the major areas which are as follows: Woolworths can focus on implementing motivation theory at their workplace in order to enhance the performance level of employees more effectively. By providing rewards and recognitions, compensation and benefits the employees could have focused to use some of the most effective strategies for giving proper motivation to the employees towards services. It has been observed that leaders have to face immense challenges in maintaining an effective communication with the team members due to linguistic barrier. In this kind of situation, employees cannot share their problems at the workplace with leaders. Employees fail to exchange necessary thoughts and views on reaching the business success (Struve, 2015). In this kind of situation, customers and the service providers as well as the service users are facing difficulties. However, in order to overcome this kind of situation it can be recommended that employees can take an effective training and development session to enhance their communication skill. As a result, the team members do not have to face challenges in dealing with the customers as well as leaders effectively. It has been identified that Woolworths tends to follow participative form of leadership style while making marketing strategies and policies. With the help of an effective participative leadership style both the employees and the leaders tend to make collective decision. This particular process is very time-consuming (Miner, 2015). In order to handle any kind of workplace pressure suddenly leaders should take immediate decision. In this situation, it can be recommended that organizational manager can follow transformational leadership style at the workplace. Reference List: Ahmad, N., Iqbal, N., Javed, K., Hamad, N. (2014). Impact of organizational commitment and employee performance on the employee satisfaction.International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research,1(1), 84-92. Baesu, C., Bejinaru, R. (2014). Leadership approaches regarding the organizational change.The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration,13(2 (18)), 146-152. Binder, J. (2016).Global project management: communication, collaboration and management across borders. Routledge. Brown, C. (2014). The Effects of Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Leadership Style on Sales Performance.Economic Insights-Trends Challenges,66(3). Fernandez, A. S., Le Roy, F., Gnyawali, D. R. (2014). Sources and management of tension in co-opetition case evidence from telecommunications satellites manufacturing in Europe.Industrial Marketing Management,43(2), 222-235. Gabriel, Y., (2015). The caring leaderWhat followers expect of their leaders and why?.Leadership,11(3), pp.316-334. Gilbert, Y. S., Medney, H. R., Mazzotta, S. G., Wu, C., Drake, W. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,189,756. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. Landis, E. A., Hill, D., Harvey, M. R. (2014). A synthesis of leadership theories and styles.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,15(2), 97. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016).Management information system. Pearson Education India. Majchrzak, A., Rice, R., King, N., Malhotra, A., Ba, S. (2014). Computer-mediated inter-organizational knowledge-sharing: Insights from a virtual team innovating using a collaborative tool. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Morgan, S., Pullon, S., McKinlay, E. (2015). Observation of interprofessional collaborative practice in primary care teams: an integrative literature review.International journal of nursing studies,52(7), 1217-1230. Oakland, J. S. (2014).Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Okoroji, L. I., Anyanwu, O. J., Ukpere, W. I. (2014). Impact of leadership styles on teaching and learning process in Imo State.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(4), 180. Peng, X., Babar, M. A., Ebert, C. (2014). Collaborative software development platforms for crowdsourcing.IEEE software,31(2), 30-36. Puni, A., Ofei, S. B., Okoe, A. (2014). The effect of leadership styles on firm performance in Ghana.International Journal of Marketing Studies,6(1), 177. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Scott, W. R., Davis, G. F. (2015).Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Struve, W. (2015).Elites against democracy: leadership ideals in bourgeois political thought in Germany, 1890-1933. Princeton University Press. Van Wart, M. (2014).Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. Routledge. woolworths.com (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com [Accessed 17 Apr. 2018]. Yan, T., Dooley, K. (2014). Buyersupplier collaboration quality in new product development projects.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(2), 59-83.

Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism Essay Example

Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism Essay Hospitality is a dynamic industry that is of all time altering as a consequence of several external factors. The industry has become more competitory than of all time before. Some companies frequently fail while others are really successful. Tanke ( 2001 ) argues that successful houses get, manage, and develop resources that provide competitory advantage. They besides control and build up relationships with a big figure of organisations, assorted stakeholders, and groups. Globalization has intensified the fight and for houses to stay competitory they have to spread out their relationship webs and collaborate with each other to stay competitory. Many houses are get downing to supervise and pull off cardinal indexs to cut on cost and salvage money. Harmonizing to Ottenbacher and Gnoth ( 2005 ) There are several modern-day issues in the cordial reception industry which include, human resource direction, strategic direction, usage of ICT and gastronomy and touristry. Much of alterations in issues have been brought about by globalisation. For illustration in the instance of human resource, globalisation has brought diverseness in the human resources. Information communicating engineering has advanced much in development. The high figure of people going to foreign lands has brought alterations in the gastronomy and touristry. Hospitality concerns must therefore manage all these issues to win in their operations. Tanke, ( 2001 ) argues that cordial reception concerns will necessitate to concentrate more on trade name, human resource, emerging markets and information communicating engineering. These are the primary determiners of the victors and also-rans in old ages to come. Strategic direction is therefore of import in finding the success of these houses. Strategic direction has been hailed to supply higher degrees of satisfaction than other direction tools. Literature Review HRM Issues In the Hotel Industry Globally We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Evaluation Of Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The importance of valuable human resource direction to concern success in any usage of human resources can give an organisation a competitory advantage. The importance of human resources is peculiarly important in cordial reception industry. Duncan ( 2005 ) suggested that there are several chief countries of challenge and concern in the planetary cordial reception industry, associating to employment issues, revenue enhancement degrees and environmental issues. Employee turnover Harmonizing to Hinkin and Tracey ( 2000 ) employee turnover has become one of the challenges in the cordial reception industry. The industry globally suffers from high degree of staff turnover, which result to intangible costs and high direct outgo. Riegel ( 2002 ) argues that turnover is a consequence of several factors such as occupation dissatisfaction, hapless working environment, hapless supervising and deficiency of committedness that influence employee attitude and behaviour. Iverson and Deery ( 1997 ) carried out a research on the labour demands of the cordial reception industry and established that the high turnover rate is one the most hard issues in human resource direction in that context. They reported that the turnover job in big hotels was much worse than in little hotels. Many hotels are be aftering to increase the figure of people employed merely to cover the turnover state of affairs. Hoque ( 1999 ) contends that service quality focuses on the nature of the interaction between the single employee and the client at the point of service, in footings of niceness and overall professionalism. Hoque besides argues that service quality is the chief factor in making competitory advantage in the hotel industry, and that any hotel that does non do an attempt to better continually its service quality will lose land. Competitive advantage generated from internal beginnings includes such features as value rarity, exceptionality, and non-substitutability ( Iverson, A ; Deery 1997 ) , and the employee at the terminal of the service bringing system may good be the lone differentiated and alone plus of a hotel organisation that can non be easy copied. Hinkin and Tracey ( 2000 ) have besides recommended that there are in fact merely two ways to vie in and distinguish between cordial reception services. One is by viing on monetary value and minimizing costs, which locks a hotel into a peculiar market section. The other is to vie by supplying exceeding service. They note that client attention is non a new construct in the service industry, but it is still a complex thing to command and prolong. In the face of the high degree of turnover in the hotel industry, it is possible that some clients are served by employees who are reasonably untrained, less committed, and less capable in their societal accomplishments. But covering with this requires the usage of rather organized attacks to serve quality direction. Huang ( 2001 ) suggested that if an organisation s first and first aim is to supply a service, a holistic attack to serve choice direction must be developed and employed, insightful at all degrees of the organisation from the main executive to the entry degree employees. Training and development Garavan ( 1997 ) argues that preparation and development of employees is linked to service quality because its activities can be used to beef up attitudes and behaviours that lead to effectual service. Several research workers have suggested that developing a service civilization during preparation and development and cognition edifice are good patterns. Employees developing and development of accomplishments help houses to heighten quality of service, addition productiveness, and cut down costs. Elsewhere, Davies, Taylor and Savery ( 2001 ) investigated certain human resource direction maps in bettering employees dealingss in western Australian adjustment industry and found out that sustained preparation and development led to an of import betterment in productiveness, with a decreased turnover of employees. Huang ( 2001 ) argued that in Taiwan preparation and development was the chief important driver for economic development. Staff enlisting and choice Alleyne, Doherty and Greenidge ( 2006 ) contend the due to the nature of the cordial reception industry ; labour demand is much unpredictable and capable to seasonal fluctuation. As a consequence the cordial reception industry has had negative image among prospective employees. Elsewhere Debrah and Budhwar ( 2004 ) argue that alterations in the macro environment for illustration ageing work force, lower birth rates have besides contributed to employees deficit rising the instability between the employee demand and supply. This has made employee resourcing a great job and high spots that effectual direction of demand and supply of best employee is a great job in the cordial reception industry ( Tanke, 2001 ) . Global fight in the cordial reception industry Successful cordial reception houses finally find that their domestic markets are either saturated or that foreign markets offer chances for growing and net incomes which are non available domestically. Several forces are taking concerns into the planetary sphere. These include trade barriers falling particularly in Europe and North America, freshly industrialised states, displacement towards market economic systems, handiness of fiscal capital ; criterions are going unvarying globally and advancement in information engineering ( Tanke, 2001 ) . Organizations that want to stay competitory must therefore get province of the art resources at a lower monetary value, for illustration they may see spread outing to emerging states where labour is inexpensive. The strategic direction reverberations of increasing globalisation are utmost. Directors can non afford to overlook chances in foreign markets. Nonetheless, concern methods and imposts vary from state to state. These disparities make stakeholder analysis and direction even more of import. Analysis of broad environmental forces such as society, engineering, and political influences ought to besides be extended to the different parts in which an organisation carries out concern. Peoples besides vary greatly from part to part. The challenge of an of all time increasing competitory planetary market place can be tackled through a well-devised strategic direction procedure. Nevertheless, tactical planning must non ever lead to the sorts of alterations that are indispensable to remain aggressive over the long term. Technology Although there has been an increasing consciousness of the value of province of the art integrated systems many cordial reception houses still do non take advantage of them. There unequal apprehension of how much competency could be improved via usage of these systems. Tanke, ( 2001 ) argues that cordial reception disposal systems have over the old ages developed into complex, good incorporated tools which help houses to do more gross, pull more invitees, and better effectivity. However, some concern still hang on systems that have are much in front of their competitory utile life. This limits them from holding the benefits that are brought about by these systems. Though several houses are scared of upgrading their systems because they fear that their employees will non be in a place to manage these systems, there is demand for developing the employees how to utilize these systems ( Tanke, 2001 ) . Alleyne, Doherty and Greenidge ( 2006 ) contend that as systems become more inclusive their support and security direction become necessary and complex. However it must be noted that it is about impossible for organisations to hold their ain proficient support staff skilled in all the system they use. Guest study has become an purpose for stealers and onslaughts on computing machines are going more complex. These tendencies call for a displacement towards more professional system direction ; this may be a corporate squad or an understanding party. Elsewhere Debrah and Budhwar ( 2004 ) argue that innermost gross direction squads, for illustration, can supply specializer aid to legion belongingss in a regionally incorporate manner. Centrally-hosted systems permit highly-skilled technicians to offer a far more protected and managed systems environment than would be accessible to an single house. This tendency is expected to protract as understanding grows of the value of keeping systems runing at peak proficiency, and of the possible injury from security misdemeanors. Methodology Harmonizing to Hoque, ( 1999 ) two indispensable inquiries were put to a sample of hotels: What are the cardinal human resource direction issues and concerns in the cordial reception industry of Taiwan? And what are the chief human resource direction functions and patterns used to prosecute with them? Rather than default to a individual issue attack to the interviewees, the interviewer tried to analyze human resource direction in the cordial reception industry in an wholly open-ended manner. The respondents were free to raise any human resource direction issues, concerns, maps and patterns that they thought to be important. This method allowed the research worker to detect what came up in order of precedence for the respondents, or what failed to come up at all ( Hoque, 1999 ) The method used was qualitative and the chief technique was in-depth interviews. Leading inquiries were avoided by the research worker on order to derive a deeper apprehension of some phenomena as experienced by a group of people ( Creswell, 2003 ) . It was non possible to analyze all the hotels in Taiwan because of fiscal and clip restraints. The research worker selected the concatenation hotels which he expected to hold formalized human resource direction patterns than smaller hotels. The research worker farther segmented the hotels harmonizing to figure of suites, geographic location, and trade name. The research worker interviewed senior directors but in some instances some hotels that were approached refused to be interviewed reasoning that they would see questionnaires because of their tight agendas. Although there are few unequivocal regulations for sample size in qualitative question ( Patton, 2002 ) , it has been suggested that 12-20 illustrations are needed when seeking to obtain the broadest scope of information and positions on the topic of survey ( Kuzel, 1992 ) . At the clip this research was conducted, there were 46 concatenation hotel belongingss in Taiwan and the sample selected totaled 14 hotels, which represents 30.43 % of the entire population of such hotels. Analysis The findings were presented together because some issues were common to all the respondents and had cause and consequence relationship. Fourteen take parting hotels identified several chief issues viz. deficit of employees 100 % of the respondents, 64 % of the respondents talked of challenges in attack to preparation and development. While 50 % of the respondents emphasized on the high degree of employee turnover. Deficit of employees Participants pointed out that the overall instruction degree in Taiwan has risen in the last decennary. This has caused a job to the cordial reception houses in enrolling entry degree employees. The increased growing of the cordial reception industry has made the deficit even worse. Respondents nevertheless, believe that at in-between degree the instance is different there is o deficit at this degree. However those who hold these places are non qualified but merely make full these places because a vacancy has to be filled. Shortcoming in Approaches to preparation and development Most of the employees have no cordial reception background this calls for a sophisticated preparation and development attacks. Nevertheless, some hotelkeepers believe that that is non a major job because they believe that accomplishments can be gained on occupation preparation. High degree of employee turnover Participants pointed out that this was ineluctable because of the nature of the cordial reception industry. In certain instances the turnover might be positive to the industry as it may take de-motivated staff. Respondents besides pointed out that older employees led to miss of invention, extract of fresh thoughts and creative activity in the house. Discussion From the in deepness interviews it can be argued that challenges in preparation and development, unequal employees and jobs in internship employment can be attributed to client service quality discussed in the literature. Kuzel, ( 1992 ) argues that using housemans is a solution to the deficits in the cordial reception sector. Interns provide stable employment particularly at the entry degree. Some hotels merely view housemans as supportive force as opposed to long term investings. It is recommended that cordial reception directors should make a sense of belonging to the housemans so that they could come back and work in these constitutions. Most participants in this survey appeared to accept Hoque s ( 1999 ) position that the high degree of turnover is a fact of life and a regular and acceptable phenomenon in the cordial reception industry ( Iverson A ; Deery, 1997 ) . In the fact, turnover still can be improved by better direction, every bit long as human resource directors can see it as an chance, non merely an ineluctable job. Some research workers have recommended that specific human resource direction patterns can better employee satisfaction which in bends minimizes the turnover rate. Authorization is one of the efficient attacks suggested by many research workers ( Enz A ; Siguaw, 2000a, 2000b ; Lashley, 1999 ) . They recommended that it is important to give power to the employees who provide services by concentrating on clients demands. Service brushs are the cardinal activity in a client service concern and employees may meet a batch of diverse alone state of affairss which can non be covered by the organisational policies and actions ( Iverson A ; Deery 1997 ) . If organisations are able to give power to their employees, so they are able to exert prudence in presenting client service and make whatever is required to fulfill clients demands ( Enz A ; Siguaw, 2000a ; Lashley, 1999 ) . It has been disputed that empowered employees besides have a leaning to hold a strong sense of control and person al worth because they can take liability for the service brush and have the power to consequence client satisfaction ( Lashley, 1999 ) . At another degree, it has been recommended that sceptered employees are motivated by making meaningful work that finally enhances their occupation satisfaction and reduces the turnover rate s Harmonizing to Lashley, ( 1999 ) as a consequence of planetary economic alterations at that place has been increased competition and uncertainness, the houses have to be flexible in employee resourcing and reacting to clients. The human resource directors must utilize methods that give them flexibleness to use employees to react to fluctuations. This type of employment helps the organisation to cut on direct labour cost and besides provide flexibleness for employees and employers. One of the possible negative feature is that despatching workers have a limited relationship with hotels in which they will work resulting in low trust and low committedness. These might, in bend, lead to disagreement between direct-hire and despatching workers, and between direction and employees ( Kalleberg, 2000 ) . Another likeliness is that it is more expensive to pull off the outsourcing activity than ab initio expected, so that the end of cost economy is non achieved ( Albertson, 2000 ) . The inclination towards flexible working has become inevitable in such a fluctuating environment ( Purcell A ; Purcell, 1998 ) , and dispatching is one of the agreements which are prone to be a lasting moral force of the hotel industry in the hereafter. While going more popular in Taiwan, but there is no regulation of the procedure at the clip of composing. It has been argued that it is indispensable to modulate dispatching employment, because of the complex triangular employment relationship between despatching company, dispatched worker, and the house to which they have been dispatched ( Kalleberg, 2000 ; Purcell A ; Purcell, 1998 ) . Decision This survey set out to happen out the modern-day issues in the cordial reception industry. Due to its nature the cordial reception industry and globalisation consequence the industry has several modern-day issues. These modern-day issues have a direct impact on the cordial reception industry and for that ground they must be strategically managed for these concerns to win. This survey nevertheless lays accent on the modern-day issues in human resource direction. The findings of this survey suggest that many of the take parting hotels thought and mentality are at the operational degree, instead than the strategic degree. Even though a good figure were able to place peculiar human resource direction issues as critical, it seems that many do non hold strategic attacks to cover with these challenges. Equally, although most perceived specific human resource direction maps and patterns as being really of import, some of these are non utilized in a complicated manner. Some of those interviewed had fresh ideas and originative thoughts but had a limited voice or engagement in decision-making. It seems that their function is seen as being to travel behind the policy that has been already set by top direction, instead than being an active voice or caput in the organisation s thought. It was really unusual for respondents in this survey to hold a place at board degree or to play a cardinal function in making and back uping competitory advantages for the concern. The interviewer concluded that human resource direction is non normally seen as a beginning of competitory advantage, and many look frontward to keep fight chiefly through new installations and comfortss. However, Ottenbacher and Gnoth ( 2005 ) have argued that the efficiency of a hotel s attack to human resource direction is merely every bit important as a beginning of sustainable advantage. This survey has stressed that the extremely competitory nature of the industry affects both clients and staff. In peculiar, gifted people are much preferred in a labour-intensive client service industry. This research has expectantly provided some practical and strategic suggestions for hotelkeepers to traverse the spread between the operational degree and the strategic degree of thought and pattern. However, it is concluded that hotel proprietors need to be cognizant that human resource direction must be managed good in order to maintain up with alterations in the planetary environment. The human resource direction map is no longer one of traditional forces disposal ; alternatively, it must be strategic and proactive in covering with complicated human resource direction issues.

The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Essays

The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Essays The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Paper The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Paper social life fashion and learning . So, English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer. The changes that occurred during this period may be noted in every aspect of the language : in its sounds, in the meanings of its words and in the nature of word stock, where many Old English words were replaced by French ones( like cafe and chef). Also, many of the grammatical distinctions of the Old English period disappeared. Medieval Culture The Middle Ages saw the emergence of great changes in English culture. The violent times of the Dark Ages had led to a primitive society lacking in elegance or refinement . The Middle Ages saw society changing due to the influence from various foreign cultures . The Characteristics of the Medieval Culture The society was organized as a pyramid of sorts. The nobles were at the top, with a great many peasants at the bottom. Peasants worked on the land and lived in rough huts, which they often shared with their animals. They slept on straw mattresses on the floor. In the middle were the scientists, merchants, craftsmen. Attitudes towards women changed. Now, women were treated with respect. But, women were seen as helpless, beautiful, and pure . In Europe during the Middle Ages the only recognized religion was Christianity, in the form of the Catholic religion. The lives of the Medieval people of the Middle Ages was dominated by the church. The Normans were tremendous builders of castles built much of what we now see as the surviving medieval look of England. The Linguistic Features of the ME Middle English spelling Consonants Most of the Old English consonant sounds remained unchanged in Middle English. Important spelling differences occur, however, most of them due to Anglo-Norman influence Some of the apparent innovations in middle English spelling were ,in fact, a return to earlier conventions. For example the diagraph th that had been used in some of the earliest English text but was replaced in later Old English by writing by ? and ? ; during the Middle English period ,th was gradually reintroduced again . Similarly, uu ,used for [w] in early manuscripts was brought back to England by Noman scribes in a ligatured form as w. The consonantal sound [v] did not occur initially in Old English . All Middle English words with initial v have been taken from Latin or French such as very, voice (French) ,vocal, vulgar (Latin). Ch was used in Middle English under French influence, to indicate the initial sound of child ,which in Old English had been spilled simply with c as in cild. The Old English hw (as in hw? t) was replaced by the Middle English wh (as in what) . The Old English cw (as in cwen ) was replaced by the Middle English qu (queen). French language was responsible for the Middle English spelling qu. The old English cg (ecg edge) was replaced by French gg in Middle English as egge edge. Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Vowels To indicate vowel length ,Middle English writing frequently employed double letters( e. g ee or oo). Final unstressed e following a single consonant also indicated vowel length in Middle English, as in fode (food) and fede (to feed). Short u in Old English was written o during the latter part of Middle English period if m,n,u were contiguous . The Middle English writings sone (son) and sonne (sun), thus indicate the same vowel sound [U] in old English respectively sunu and sunne. O for u servives in a number of Modern English words as son, come (OE cuman) and love (OE lufu). The French spelling ou was used to represent Old English long u(and sometimes short) as hous(OE hu? s) . In older inscriptions, documents, works and texts (nearer to Old English), you may find vowels with a macron (a bar) written above (like name). The macron simply tells you that the vowel is long, and follows the pronunciation guides above for long vowels. Also, any vowel written double (aa, ee, oo, uu) is long Middle English Pronunciation Middle English Consonants Most consonant sounds act like English. Since consonants in most words are nearly identical to their Modern English counterparts, lets focus on the differences. ?By default, the letters /th/ and /f/ are voiceless like in thing and fish. They are only voiced (like this and of) between two vowels: ferne, fowles, forward, oft VS. yfe, ofer, efer that, thoghte, thonder VS. bathen, sothe, fother ?The combination /wh/ represents the sound of h + w (like h) pronounced just before the start of the Modern English version of the word): whanne, what, who ? The letter /s/ sounds like seem, unless its between two vowels, then its like please:seyde, sothe VS. cosin. ?The sound of /r/ is typically trilled, like Spanish r :rood, ferne ? Initial stops in clusters gn- and kn- still pronounced: ME gnat, gnawen, knowen, knave ? Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Many words were borrowed from Old French (and much less frequently from Latin) beginning with[v] (for instance ,veal ,virtue ,visit) and later with [z]( for instance,zeal,zodiac). Middle English Vowels ?Long /a/ sounds like a lengthened version of father (pronounced for a slightly longer time). Short /a/ sounds more like pat:name (or naame) VS. bak ? Long /e/ sometimes sounds like the /e/ of they and other times like the /e/ of let (both sounds held out for a longer time). Short /e/ sounds like let:sweete, breeth, mete VS. tendre ? Long /i/ or /y/ sounds like seem, while short /i/ or /y/ sounds like sit or seem pronounced for a shorter amount of time: my, ire VS. ynogh ? Long /o/ sometimes sounds like boo and other times like British rock (both for a slightly longer time). Short /o/ always sounds like the /o/ in British rock: good, wo VS. oft, holt ? Long /u/ sounds like cue, while short /u/ sounds like full:nature VS. unstraunge ? The final e on many words may be sounded if it helps the meter of an individual line. ?E. g. , When that Aprille with his shoures sote The droughte of Marche hath perced to the rote

Growing up in the Ditital Age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Growing up in the Ditital Age - Research Paper Example Net Generation is a force for social transformation from education and work to collaborations and socialization. With their reflexes trained for speed and freedom, Net-Genre is empowered to transform the world from inside out. They are already transforming society, from education and workplace to marketplace and family, they are influencing every aspect of modern life. They are replacing the culture of control with a culture of enablement (Tapscott 6).This paper explores the influences of Net Generation on education, work and family as discussed in Don Tapscott's remarkable book, "Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation is Changing World". Net Generation (1977-1997) People born during 1946 and 1964 are called baby-boomers who became TV Generation (Leung 107). Gen X consists of adults between the ages of 32 and 43.They are highly aggressive communicators and media-centered. Gen X is media (TV, radio, film, and internet) savvy and their habits resemble to Net Generation. Gen X is foll owed by Net Generation, the children of baby boomers. The Net Generation consists of children born between January 1977 and December 1997. In these 21 years, 81.1 million children were born who make 27 percent of the U.S. population called Millennials or Generation Y. They have outnumbered the baby-boomers adults. This Net Generation is entirely different from all other generations in history since they are born in a digital environment (Tapscott 2).As Tapscott puts it, "they are bathed in bits that they think it's all part of the natural landscape"(2). Currently, the Net Generation constitutes 30 percent of the total population as compared to 29 percent of their parents' baby boomers generation. As a rival to boomers and their culture, it is imparting huge cultural influences. However, the huge impact is not due to the size but Net Generation's ability to grow in an age of revolution in telecommunication. Boomer parents engaged with a new technology in their formative years like te levision, however, it was much more limited in its scope.Net Generation is exposed to an entirely different context and environment as compared to their parents and grandparents (Denton et al. 2). Net Generation has eight basic characteristics that make them stand out from their boomer parents and other generations. They accolade freedom and freedom to choose, they believe in customization and collaborations. They prefer a conversation rather than a lecture. They scrutinize and insist on integrity. They believe in having fun, no matter if it's school or work. They need speed and innovation (Tapscott 6). Changing ways of Communication Members of Net Generation are between the ages of 11 and 31 now. They multi-task quite heavily and use technology in a different way. For Net-Genre, mobile phone are not for calling and emailing, they use it for texting, surfing web, finding directions, taking pictures, making videos, and collaborating with others. They hang out on Facebook, MySpace, an d Skype. Everyone is as cyber-sophisticated as the next person is. They turn to internet for everything they need (Tapscott 9). Education System The Net-Gen is the most ethnically diverse, largest, and the most female dominated college population in the history (O'Donnell qtd. in Tapscott 123). Unlike baby-boomers' cramming model of seeking knowledge, Net-Generation is facing a fast-paced age of information technology where one has

Transcultural nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transcultural nursing - Essay Example People of this organization know for sure that there are a lot of people who look forward to them. The inhabitants of those countries are abandoned by their government and by the whole world, as they think. They consider the Transcultural Nursing Society to be the only one organization in the world which can help them to stay alive. It is their last hope. The focus of this nursing training is the integration of the international and transcultural content into the training. Courses contain studying in the area of cultural dissimilarity, nursing in the other countries and international health issues and organizations, as an example. There is even a Transcultural Nursing Society. My own opinion is that such organizations should exist, because a lot of people in the world need help. And this organization was created to help people all over the world. The Transcultural Nursing Society has its mission, vision and values. The mission of the Transcultural Nursing Society is to engrave the characteristic of culturally congruent, competent, and rightful care that gives its results in perfected health and well being of people worldwide. The vision of the society is to provide nurses and other professionals that care about the health of people with necessary knowledge to assure cultural ability in practice, education research and administration. The philosophy of the society is that Transcultural nursing is a theory based on humanistic discipline projected to serve people, societies, organizations and communities. Human solicitude is sharply defined within the context of the culture. Culturally capable care can only appear when we know the culture care and it serves as the basis for significant care. Erudition is the foundation of the training of TCN.Increased educational preparation in TCN improves the training of culturally competent solicitude certification documents clearness of the talent to provide culturally established care to reach our vision; the Transcultural Nursing Society needs a stable financial base. This organization is known all over the world, but my own opinion is that not many people know about the origin of the Society, about its history. Leninger founded and became a leader of this new nursing speciality. At the XX century there was no cultural base to guide nursing actions and decisions to understand cultural deportment to provide therapeutic care. Leninger wrote the first book concerning this question and was the first human being who coined two terms, such as "transcultural nursing" and "culturally congruent care." At the University of Colorado Leninger organized the first course of Transcultural Nursing. It happened in 1966. Nowadays, Transcultural theory persists to refine and expand itself. Transcultural Nursing Society was established in 1970 as an information-sharing group. But the year of formal appearance of the organization was in 1974. Today it is well known all over the world. The priorities of the organization remained the some. Its members are very active in such transnational and national arenas as teaching, consultation, direct care, research. The organization has its official journal, which appeare d in 1989. The title of the journal is the

Task-Based Teaching and Learning

Task-Based Teaching and Learning Abstract The Task-based Teaching and Learning mode has been enjoyed a lot in nowadays English education process. Not only because it has specified the aims of both teaching and students learning, but also during the process of reaching the goals, it will help stimulate teachers inspiring abilities and students creativities, thus to develop the interest in learning and the state of studying to their best. However, there are various problems occurring in class teaching, of which standout and influential are the low class participation rate and students low efficiency in acquiring the required knowledge. To find out solutions to these problems, the author has studied different materials as well reflected from the teaching experience (case study method), suggesting that applying cooperative study, or teamwork spirit into class teaching will be the most effective. Key words: cooperative study, Task-based English Teaching, participation 1. Introduction It is not easy to reach better education goals when a class has encountered problems like low participation rate, meaning that not all the students are interested in asking or answering questions and participating in activities, simply because the activities are not intriguing at all. And the other problem is students low efficiency in acquiring the required knowledge. There are many factors influencing the quality of a class teaching. Owning better constructions of teaching facilities, like advanced multimedia, is far from enough to make a class get its expected goals. As for this, many teachers and experts have been trying to work out ways to promote students desire to know and willingness to do, for example, having more out-of-classroom activities and setting up more innovative topics to talk and research. But how to make the best of these is still left to explore. By studying previous researches and doing teaching practice in Deyang Foreign Language School, the author believes co operative study, which is also called team-work should be more used in teaching and educating. In the following part of the thesis, the causes for these problems mentioned above will be explained. Following that, the concept of Cooperative Study and its positive relationship with Task-based Class Teaching will be introduced as well as how we can actually apply it into real teaching. The research the author has done in Deyang Foreign Language School will be discussed in the last part. 2. Review of Literature 2.1 Theory of task-based English Class Teaching Task-based teaching is to master the language by using language in the activities rather than simply training for language skills and knowledge of the language learning outcomes. In teaching activities, teachers should focus on specific communications and language projects, design of specific and practical tasks. Students are to complete the learning tasks through expression, communication, negotiation, interpretation and other language in the form of inquiry. Task-based teaching method is to absorb the advantages of the past formed of a variety of teaching methods, while it does not exclude other teaching methods. It was first put forward in the 1980s, stressing on learning by doing in the language teaching method and communicative approach is the development of language education in the world. This has provided teaching theoretical basis for the gradual introduction of English teaching in China, foreign language teaching reform in China as a trend. The features of Task-based Teaching Method include focusing on finishing the tasks instead of manipulating some sort of meaningless language form, and aiming at raising students resounding and interests by providing interactions which are closely related to real life and experience. 2.2 Theory of Cooperative Study Cooperative study (or cooperative learning) is an approach to organizing classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. Students work in groups to complete tasks collectively. Everyone succeeds when the group succeeds. There are 5 basic elements of cooperative study. They are Positive Interdependence, Individual Accountability, Face to Face Interactions, Social Skills, and Benefits. First, Positive Interdependence requires that group members feel connected to each other in the process of accomplishing the goal. Second, Individual Accountability means that every group member is responsible for being able to demonstrate understanding and comprehension of the learned academic expectations and social goals. Third, Face to Face Interactions suggest that the group must participate by communicating and discussing the goal. Fourth, Social Skills include listening, body language, sharing, accepting ideas and differences, etc. These are the skills needed prior to or being developed during the group work. And fifth, Benefits include higher self esteem, achievement and retention of academic information 2.3 Co-relationships between task-based teaching and cooperative study From a chart, we can see the co-relation between cooperative study and task-based teaching: (chart 2.1) Tasks Proper activities teachers Team goals Group activities students When all the teaching goals are assigned as group work, those proper activities are needed to be fulfilled by all the students with cooperative spirit applied into the process and with the guidance of the teachers. The features of cooperative study fit the measures taken to finish task-based teaching. 3. Causes for problems Before actually getting to know how Cooperative Study can be fully applied into teaching, it is necessary to get to know the causes for those problems (low participation rate and low efficiency in learning) mentioned above. Why not all the students are willing to participate, and what are the obstacles for leveling up students efficiency in acquiring knowledge? Being not interested in the class is the reason why they dont want positively thinking and talking, which directly influence their quality of acquiring knowledge. Maybe it is because of the materials are boring, the way the teacher teaches is boring, or it is their own problems. Students in middle school are in the teen ages, during which many physical and psychological problems will happen to them. Based on the teaching practice done in Deyang Foreign Language, the author has found out that there are mainly three aspects of influential factors listed out as follows: on the aspect of students, on the aspect of teachers, and on the aspect of school. 3.1 On the aspect of students Chai Lujing (2006), who has wrote about how to applying cooperative spirit into technical schools, says that, on the one hand, middle school students are during their teenage period time, in which they are struggling for psychological independence. The embodiment of which is they tend to cut away the attaching emotions from parents and teachers. And thus they need to build other relationships as substitutions either with the outside world, such as social relationship, or with their teen mates, like childhood pals or classmates. Since a lot of middle school students are living on campus, it is an opportunity for them to establish new relationships with more people out of known relationships and realize their life value through their own efforts and endeavors. On the other hand, all those activities to be carried out in classes need the spirit of willingness to share and cope with others, but this is what the students nowadays are lacking. What also should be responsible for is the one child policy. Being the only child and the center at home, they have been spoiled by their families. And their self-consciousness has always made them proud of themselves, contributing to the growing blind acknowledgement of themselves. This is why they are lacking the consciousness and motivations to cope with others. She has also stated that the only child has a strong desire to attack, making them offensive and critic, more seriously, making them take no joy in making friends with people they dont like but to revenge them thus to protect themselves. All these indicate that these kids lack cooperative spirit, making them bear no understanding, compassion and respect towards others. So it is not hard to conclude that this will be obstacles for them to adjust to the society and have a self-acceptance of one self. Therefore, even there are activities and tasks set in a Task-based Class, without students willingness and openness to offer to do, nothing can be achieved. Accordingly, t he class participation rate will not be as high as expected. 3.2 On the aspect of teachers Not all the teachers are making an outline of a class elaborately, for lacking of time or thought of necessity. As we all know cramming teaching and learning has incredibly existed in history and influenced our education for decades. The emphasis of result and grades has made teachers focus more on the results, whatever the process is. Doing more exercise and bending their heads among the books are always what a diligent student should be. Whenever there is a new class, students are burdened with a mass of new knowledge, which should be gained by repeatedly reinforcement and examined through tests. Though the task-based teaching and learning method is been developing, the idea that simply repeat message and cramming knowledge are hard to get rid of. Teachers seldom do investigations on each students personality. Therefore students likes and dislikes are usually carelessly ignored, and their being asked about questions they are not interested in and not able to break the tension of a serious class, has definitely influence students zeal in participation. Because of lack of properly organized activities, which means it is the teacher who is talking and cramming, a class is hard to reach the goals, harmoniously and enjoyably. And this will definitely influence students efficiency in gaining knowledge. 3.3 On the aspect of school In the concept of traditional education, it is more focused on the individuals development and competency instead of a groups. In middle school, this has been reflected by pursuing of high grades. The quality of a school is usually judged by its rate of students acceptance to a higher education. Since all the people are struggling to their own personal success, the sharing of knowledge and the joy of being working together have been ignored. Being fretful and jealous of other peoples achievements, many students have become more self-acclaimed and self-closing, never wanting to shares knowledge with others, never wanting to exchange ideas with others. But things have changed. The new requirements of curriculum claim quality education, aiming at developing a students all-aspects abilities. And more specifically, many useful types of teaching methods are demanded, like Task-based Class Teaching. As for a school itself, the failures of working on harmonious studying teams and social prac tices have influenced the most. Because it is often the competitiveness are highlighted more than the cooperative study. Such as in a sports meeting, classes are accordingly a group for a series of competitions. Another factor is the need to make cooperative spirit as an important social value to be popularized and educated has not been fulfilled 4. Cases of applying Cooperative Spirit into class teaching To find solutions to these problems (low participation rate and low efficiency in learning), many teachers have been trying to put as many activities as they can in a class teaching, and use multimedia facilities. But consider this: if a class is full of activities which are just to warm up the atmosphere and the teacher is the leading role, can the class really inspire the students to participate? If the teachers have put all the information on a computer, voices are taped and descriptions are pictured, can they help the students develop their innovative spirit to think and to discover? And these flaws are exactly many scholars are arguing about. As à ¦Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬  [Ke Qunfan] (2003) has written in getting out of the new cramming teaching method that to make a class vivid and live, many teachers have done too much, one-sidedly thinking that more activities will be better. However, it then becomes new cramming method, which has simply occupies much time of a cl ass. New standards for English Curriculum has claimed that the development of a student is the destination of teaching. It is essential to make students the active roles of a class. Cooperative study, asking for applying cooperative spirit, also called the team-work spirit, into study, has been approved and suggested by many scholars. Chen Jianhua (2004) has stated in thesis A Little Talk on English Cooperative Study that cooperative study is one of the teaching practices based on group work. Having the same ultimate goal and being valued by achievement of a whole group, cooperative study can stimulate teaching and learning by fully cooperation of each element. If taken into consideration, the requirements of a task-based teaching method will be fulfilled. Cooperating can bring students activeness into play, and form the competitive as well as cooperative atmosphere between groups in class. During the process, face to face interactions are established while each student will have to carry a share of responsibility. And the expectations of making conversations can be reached which is exactly what an English class is aiming at, which is to make a student talk, think positively, and make language a live tool to communicate. 4.1 Teamwork examples in high school abroad When people were interviewed why they had chosen to study abroad, they explained that it was because they could experience the free thinking or free life. Though this is kind of sarcastic about Chinas education which has been traditionally focusing on getting a good grade, letting alone the deep cultural difference, Americans free method of teaching is worthy learning, for which is full of free thinking, more importantly, asking for as much cooperation as possible in a class. Not only in finishing assignment but also interactions between teachers and students, between knowledge and students minds. What free method of American education has impressed the author most were the personal experiences of studying in Plattsburgh College in State University of New York. Though its in college class, its valid to prove the effectiveness of cooperative study. One of the cases was the FLL (Foreign Language and Literature) class. The students were required to do assignments after they finished the literary works (short story and novels). There were 2 parts included in the assignment: answering questions and blank-fillings. Every class, the teacher would form groups of 2-3 students. One of them would do the presentation, and all the group members would have to work on the assignments together. The student who did the presentation was always the one liked to talk, and could vividly explain the answer to the questions, while the answer should be the combined ideas of all the group members. The other example was also cooperative study applied in one of the General Psychology class carried out in Plattsburgh College. The professor asked the students to do preparations for new class in groups of 4-6 people. All the students in a group needed to prepare at least one session of the material, and one of them would act as the leading role to connect the whole presentation. After those classes, several personal interviews have been held of those who conducted the activities. They held positive views about that. One of the students from FLL class said that it was fun for they could easily get the detailed information of a novel when they were mentioned by their classmates. The knowledge became more impressive and they could use to display their point of view freely and creatively. I love that class. she said. This was exactly what teacher and the class wanted. The other student from GP class said he usually sat silently in some other classes, just taking notes. But in GP class, he had to prepare his own speech well and went up to the stage. Though I dont often talk, I will simply go there and tell what I have done, and then I remember all the materials concerning with our lessons. He also said this. It can be seen from these two examples that when students have experienced, they will find interests in doing things. They will study better and more efficiently. Dialectical Materialism has the theory that interaction is one of the ways human beings exist. Schools being a social group, enables interactions and social communications between teacher and students. This also provides explanations for the improvement of students acquiring knowledge in the cooperative study atmosphere, for experiences provided by classmates are easy to be understood, and the activities students have played will depict the meaning of social roles. Nevertheless, students will develop a sense of social value, task awareness, cooperation consciousness, and their social responsibilities as well as team-work spirit. Based on the acknowledgement that students should be the main role, cooperative study has created the chance to interact between students, and distinguished the roles of guiding and playing between teachers and students. Therefore, students can have the opportunities and time to exchange their ideas, pursuing improvement together. More importantly, during the process, the subjectivity of students is fully reflected, their desire for knowledge, enthusiasm will be aroused and happy and effective learning will be achieved. 4.2 Teamwork examples in high school in China (Special case in Deyang Foreign Language School) Teaching practice in Deyang Foreign Language School: Based on the cooperative learning research and practice, the author has carried out a teaching practice in 2 classes of high department in Deyang Foreign Language School, aiming to explore the effectiveness of cooperative studys increasing student classroom participation and their efficiency of student learning in the process of teaching. Method: case study Basic information of subjects: Class 7 is a science class, with 21 boys and 23 girls, middle rank in comprehensive abilities. Class 5 is an art class, with 10 boys and 29 girls, middle rank in comprehensive capabilities. The requirements of English curriculum for both classes are the same. Their English tests grades are of little difference. Content: Warming Up and Speaking in Unit 5 Textbook: Senior English for China Students Book 2A Step1: grouping For class 7: There were all together three main teams grouped according to students personalities. Group 1, active students (talkative, and very quite) Group2, less talkative, over reserved students Group3, reserved student (will take part in the class when needed) For class 5: three groups as well, assigned according to their seats. Step2: assign the tasks Part one: Questions based on the textbook, page 33. a. Give pictures that they are interested in b. Give information about each part of UK on different aspects. Part two: students get to know each other and distribute the assignments by themselves Step3: the process of the class groups discussion manage the information they have collected presentation Step4: evaluation (5 score for each) 1. Students were valued as a whole group. 2. Presentations should be displayed vividly, including every ones message, reflecting their grouping style, which consisted of balanced distribution of work, in-between trust. 3. Accuracy of knowledge is also valued. Step5: testifying the efficiency of learning. All the students are asked to finish the pre-reading tasks on the textbook. 4.2.2 Discussion and flaws 4.2.2.1 Main findings Group presentations description of Class 7: Group one, which is made of talkative persons and very quiet students, talkative students naturally had very flexible minds and they took the job of presentations, while others had shared information collected by them and supported their teammates. Group two, students were less talkative and over reserved. They tended to hold back when promoted to stand on the stage and give a presentation representing their group, which made a loss of their scores of presentation. Group 3 had the highest score. During the process of teaching, the author has found that in Class 7, students in each group made preparations elaborately. They distributed the assignments according to everyones abilities and advantages, for some of them were good at computers, which was important for information collecting, and some had better oral English, which could make the presentation clear to be understand. The reason laid much in their personality, for these properly reserved students usually stand out when they were needed, and always had a clear clue of what to do and what to say. In this group, they had given the information very accurate and presented steadily. The author had consumed that to achieve the ultimate goal that the group to get the best score, the students needed cooperate with each other well. During the process, obedience and compromise were needed but more importantly, the support towards others. What had come out as a result was after each presentation, other group members had given a f irst yet loud applause to their teammate, and they had constantly complete the partners speeches on the stages by providing more supplement. Group presentations description of Class 5: Group 1 happened to consist of several students who were better at English. Group 3 was of students with ordinary abilities, and the second group owned several backward students, whose study results were below average. And group 2 had relatively higher score in the overall column because when it was their turn to do the presentation, they seemed active. Though not much information required was provided, these students were fully participating. And the students in the other average group were just as withdrawal as what some students had seemed in class. The research result was slightest different. Starting from free grouping, which they did according to their seating arrangement, the students tended to cooperate with friends or closed seat classmates. However, this might be influenced by the students gender portion, meaning more boys preferred talking while girls were more reserved. Necessity of proper grouping: these illustrations prove that in order to facilitate cooperative learning, proper classroom grouping and organization will play a crucial role. Their groups turned out to be three groups as well. However, there are more problems necessary to be discussed. First, in class 5, due to the random assignment, students had lost a sense of mutual benefits, which is one of the basic elements, less effective assignment distributions were made, which had lead to students to merely wait for answers from others or they ended up mixing information for lack of group negotiation and full preparation. Second, they tended to escape from responsibilities, for depending on students who were relatively better at talking, while the others were just taking notes or listening. But there were some active students demanded to tell their findings as an individual. These two issues have affected the effectiveness of cooperative study. Through these two cases, the importance of grouping has been signified. The efficiency of learning: in class 7, students appeared easier to find the detailed information and have a better understanding of the context, for the descriptions given were more accurate and were based on what they had known or mentioned by their classmates. In class 5, students were less active to answer questions and appeared less interested in learning and their replies were slightest vague and less in quantity. From this, we can predict that after a self-experience of analyzing and studying materials and sharing with others, students can have a relatively better grasp of the knowledge, which is important for teaching and essential to improve their efficiency in acquiring knowledge. 4.2.2.2 Flaws of the research The author has consumed the research will throw more light on cooperative studys effectiveness on improving students participation and on their efficiency in acquiring knowledge, but because of lacking data, students personality analysis appeared rough, which might influence the grouping. However, cooperative learnings function of mobilizing students enthusiasm has been fully reflected. But, whether the cooperative learning can enable students to improve learning efficiency was not fully proved. Only by examining the students understanding of related reading contexts was not sufficient. According to the principle of memories, even though the students gained a lot of knowledge points in the classroom, they would soon be forgotten if there is no effective ways to be practiced, such as quizzes, in-depth discussions. 5. Solve problems As to improve the low class participation rate and students efficiency in acquiring knowledge, the author has advocated applying cooperative study into task-based teaching. After studying the previous studies and doing teaching practice, more suggestions should be made as well. These suggestions are more likely made for teachers. 5.1 suggestions on doing activities: a. More suitable and thoughtful activities should be arranged. Guarantee the equality of chances for each student to participate through the ways varied, as what the author has done in teaching. Vary the study forms. Take more forms like group discussions, group debate, group searching, group role play, and if allowed, online seminar, since English is a live language class. The more intriguing the topic is, the more passionate the students will be and never make it a burden for students. Scholars have proposed three methods of grouping: homogeneous grouping, heterogeneous grouping, and the free combination. In homogeneous group, students often own same features, like in grades, study ability, and study activeness. By combing them, they can find their interests in common and improve together. While in heterogeneous groups, things are opposite. It is better for students to help each other as well as learn from each other. Free grouping can stimulate students passion and initiative to study by grouping them according to their own choices and has a strong cohesion. The grouping should be depended on teaching materials, teaching conditions, and students actual situations. Teachers should design the interactive activities based on real life instead of superficial content which requires no deep thinking, contains no profound meaning and bears no communicative necessity. Try to help the students to truly participate in the activities from the perception general applications, and develop their abilities in identify problems and solving problems. After a group work, it is helpful that the teacher provide the feedback and evaluation to the study, which will confirm group members sense of equal importance to the group, give the encouragement and support. 5.2 Suggestions on interactions with students: a. To complete a variety of mission activities, help to stimulate students interest in learning. b. In the process of completing the task, teachers should combine the language knowledge and language skills together, helping to train the pupils of language proficiency. c. To help students to actively participate in language communication activities, teachers should inspire their imagination and creative thinking. Students should play the main role. d. In activities to learn knowledge, developing interpersonal communication, thinking, decision-making and adaptability, is conducive to overall development of students. e. In the task-based teaching activities, being inspired by their teachers, each student has to think independently and active participation opportunities, keep the motivation to learn, and develop good study habits. Teachers should respect the views of students to build a broad exchange of teaching background, create an innovative atmosphere, and promote the spirit of ask for develop as a whole instead of succeeding individually. It is also essential for teachers to conduct emotional communication, to develop students spirit of Humanities and Social Sciences, as well as their right sense of competition and social responsibility. 6. Conclusion The internal value of cooperative study is necessary to be signified. As Ma Lan (2004) has stated, cooperative study is not only a teaching method, but also an positive attitude of life, showing peoples appreciation and willingness of cope with others. Cooperative study is not only a method but also the content of a study, from which students learn the principles and social skills to develop. More importantly, cooperative study is not only about the interactions between teachers and students, but also the share of resources among them. And under the requirements of current curriculum, the knowledge base of a student includes knowledge from textbooks as well as from that of a teachers teaching experience and the interactions among them. Cooperative learning itself is a kind of profound spiritual essence, rich content and extensive operational theory of teaching technology strategy. U.S. cooperative learning experts Jacobs (2001) once said, the shortest distance to reach a goal is not necessarily a straight line. As for English teaching, it is not to ask student to recite the English dictionary and teach them the merely forms of language, but the practical usage of English. Combining with task-based teaching method, cooperative study is effective to help students to experience the joy of learning, cultivate a sense of responsibility by sharing different assignments and learn to dedicate to a goal by making use of mutual complement.